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http://www.inopressa.ru/article/26Oct2010/guardian/methods%20.html
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http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/oct/25/uk-military-interrogation-manuals
Humiliate, strip, threaten: UK military interrogation manuals discovered

Exclusive: Methods devised in secret in recent years may breach international law

Bound detainees Manuals tell British interrogators the use of plastic handcuffs is essential to intimidate and disorientate prisoners. Photograph: Getty Images

The British military has been training interrogators in techniques that include threats, sensory deprivation and enforced nakedness in an apparent breach of the Geneva conventions, the Guardian has discovered.

Training materials drawn up secretly in recent years tell interrogators they should aim to provoke humiliation, insecurity, disorientation, exhaustion, anxiety and fear in the prisoners they are questioning, and suggest ways in which this can be achieved.

One PowerPoint training aid created in September 2005 tells trainee military interrogators that prisoners should be stripped before they are questioned. "Get them naked," it says. "Keep them naked if they do not follow commands." Another manual prepared around the same time advises the use of blindfolds to put prisoners under pressure.

A manual prepared in April 2008 suggests that "Cpers" вЂ“ captured personnel вЂ“ be kept in conditions of physical discomfort and intimidated. Sensory deprivation is lawful, it adds, if there are "valid operational reasons". It also urges enforced nakedness.

More recent training material says blindfolds, earmuffs and plastic handcuffs are essential equipment for military interrogators, and says that while prisoners should be allowed to sleep or rest for eight hours in each 24, they need be permitted only four hours unbroken sleep. It also suggests that interrogators tell prisoners they will be held incommunicado unless they answer questions.

The 1949 Geneva conventions prohibit any "physical or moral coercion", in particular any coercion employed to obtain information.

The revelations come after the Guardian published US military documents leaked to the whistleblowing website WikiLeaks revealing details of torture, summary executions and war crimes in Iraq.

All the British classified training material was produced after the death of Baha Mousa, the Iraqi hotel receptionist tortured to death by British troops in Basra in September 2003. Some of it was created after a UK army inquiry into the abuse of Iraqi civilians concluded, in January 2008, that while a number of cases had been a cause for "professional humility", ill-treatment had not been endemic.

The leak of the material comes at a time when British military detention and interrogation practices are coming under increasing scrutiny.

Last month the Guardian reported that British soldiers and airmen have been suspected of responsibility for the murder and manslaughter of Iraqi civilians in addition to Mousa. The victims include a man who was allegedly kicked to death on board an RAF helicopter, another who was shot by a soldier of the Black Watch after being involved in a traffic incident, and a 19-year-old who drowned after allegedly being pushed into a river by soldiers serving with the Royal Engineers.

Next month, at the high court in London, lawyers representing more than 100 Iraqis who were held and interrogated by British forces, between the March 2003 invasion and April 2007, will argue that there is compelling evidence that they were tortured in a systematic manner.

The abuse, documented by a team of lawyers led by a Birmingham solicitor, Phil Shiner, includes 59 allegations of detainees being hooded, 11 of electric shocks, 122 of sound deprivation through the use of earmuffs, 52 of sleep deprivation, 131 of sight deprivation using blackened goggles, 39 of enforced nakedness and 18 allegations that detainees were kept awake by pornographic DVDs played on laptops.

At a preliminary hearing, a high court judge said it appeared to be accepted by the MoD that there were "arguable cases of ill-treatment" and added: "It appears also to be accepted that there is an arguable case of something systemic."

The court is not thought to be aware of the recent training material seen by the Guardian, however.

This material was created for the instruction of "tactical questioners", who conduct initial interrogations of prisoners of war, as well for the instruction of servicemen and women from all three branches of the armed forces who conduct "interrogation in depth".

The courses were run by interrogators operating within a military unit known as F Branch, part of the Joint Services Intelligence Organisation (Jsio), at the Jsio's Bedfordshire headquarters.

One PowerPoint aid, entitled Any Questions?, explains that the techniques have been developed over decades by British military interrogators serving in Borneo, Malaya, South Arabia, "Palastine" (sic), Cyprus and Northern Ireland. It explains that interrogators have faced "adverse pulicity (sic), investigations and problems" in the past. During operations in Cyprus in the 1950s, it says, such problems were created by members of parliament, and in Aden by the International Committee of the Red Cross. In northern Oman, trainees are informed, the problems were created by "our own side!".

Interrogators are advised to find a discreet place to conduct interrogations, preferably somewhere that looks "nasty". Shipping containers are said to be ideal places that offer "privacy for TQ and Interrogation sessions". The chosen location should always be "out of hearing" and "away from media".One of the documents states: "Torture is an absolute No No." However, it then goes on to recommend methods of ill-treatment that can be employed by interrogators.

Prisoners should be "conditioned" before questioning, with conditioning defined as the combined effects of self-induced pressure and "system-induced pressure". Harsh questioning вЂ“ or "harshing" вЂ“ in which an interrogator puts his face close to the prisoner, screaming, swearing and making threats, is recommended as a means to provoke "anxiety/fear". Other useful responses include "insecurity", "disorientation" and "humiliation".

The training material recommends that after a prisoner's clothes are removed, the interrogator ensures he is searched behind his foreskin and that his buttocks are spread. This is part of the conditioning process, rather than as a security measure. One section of the training course is entitled "positional asphyxiation вЂ“ signs and symptoms".

Baha Mousa is thought to have died from positional asphyxiation caused by a soldier kneeling on his back and then pulling backwards on the hood that was over his head. Mousa also suffered 93 separate injuries while undergoing "tactical questioning" by soldiers of the 1 Battalion Queen's Lancashire Regiment.

Addressing the legal status of detainees who may later face prosecution, the material states: "Let the judicial process deal with them after you have finished."

Asked about the training material, an MoD spokesperson said: "The Baha Mousa inquiry is examining in detail the MoD's current detention practices, including the training of tactical questioning and interrogation and the MoD has given evidence on this subject. This evidence is a matter of public record and it would be inappropriate for us to comment further outside that forum. We are committed to learning all possible lessons from the inquiry and are giving it our full support."

Much of next month's high court hearing is expected to focus on the operations of the JSIO's training unit once it was deployed to Iraq to conduct interrogations of Iraqis. It operated secretive interrogation facilities known as Joint Field Intelligence Teams (Jfits), located inside prisoner-of-war camps. The Jfits had their own guard forces, and refused to take orders from the officers responsible for the main camps.

The commanding officer of the first Jfit established by the British military at Umm Qasr, just north of the Kuwaiti border, was a lieutenant commander in the Royal Navy, while most of his interrogators were reservists who had been mobilised shortly before the invasion.

According to evidence heard by the public inquiry into the death of Baha Mousa, a number of British officers complained about the mistreatment of detainees at this Jfit facility. One officer told the inquiry he saw about 30 Iraqis who had been forced to kneel in stressful positions, under the sun, with their hands cuffed behind their backs and sandbags over their heads. Some of those officers who complained said they believed the treatment to be inhumane and illegal, while others said it would damage the British military's reputation.

One lieutenant colonel told the inquiry he took the view that photographs of the mistreatment "would be extremely detrimental to our image", and recommended that a screen be placed around the Jfit facility "so that practices which might alienate the local population were not publicly exposed".
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Zabougornov

https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/21416908/exhibit-c-baluchi.pdf
https://www.theguardian.com/law/2022/mar/14/cia-black-site-detainee-training-prop-torture-techniques
CIA black site detainee served as training prop to teach interrogators torture techniques

Newly declassified documents reveal Ammar al-Baluchi was repeatedly slammed against a wall while naked until all trainees received вЂcertificationвЂ™
This photo on the Arabic language Internet site www.muslm.net purports to show Ammar al-Baluchi.
This photo on the Arabic language Internet site www.muslm.net purports to show Ammar al-Baluchi. Photograph: AP
Julian Borger in Washington
Mon 14 Mar 2022 18.58 GMT
Last modified on Tue 15 Mar 2022 17.09 GMT

A detainee at a secret CIA detention site in Afghanistan was used as a living prop to teach trainee interrogators, who lined up to take turns at knocking his head against a plywood wall, leaving him with brain damage, according to a US government report.

The details of the torture of Ammar al-Baluchi are in a 2008 report by the CIAвЂ™s inspector general, newly declassified as part of a court filing by his lawyers aimed at getting him an independent medical examination.

Baluchi, a 44-year-old Kuwaiti, is one of five defendants before a military tribunal on Guantánamo Bay charged with participation in the 9/11 plot, but the case has been in pre-trial hearings for 10 years, mired in a dispute over legal admissibility of testimony obtained after torture.

According to the inspector generalвЂ™s report, the CIA was aware that the 2003 rendition of the detainee, Ammar al-Baluchi, from Pakistani custody to the вЂњblack siteвЂќ north of Kabul was conducted вЂњextra-legally,вЂќ because at the time he was in Pakistani jurisdiction and no longer represented a terrorist threat.

The report said that interrogators at the site, known both as Cobalt and the Salt Pit, went beyond the CIAвЂ™s guidelines in torturing Baluchi, using two techniques without approval: using a stick behind his knees in stress position that involved leaning back while kneeling, and dousing with ice-cold water.
A detainee at Guantanamo Bay in 2009.
How the CIA tortured its detainees
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The technique of вЂњwallingвЂќ was approved by the вЂњenhanced interrogation techniqueвЂќ guidelines sent by CIA headquarters. It involved placing the detaineeвЂ™s heels against a specially designed plywood wall вЂњwhich had flexibility to itвЂќ and putting a rolled up towel around the detaineeвЂ™s neck.

вЂњThe interrogators would then grab the ends of the towel in front of and below the detainees face and shove [Baluchi] backwards into the wall, never letting go of the towel,вЂќ the report said. One of the interrogators (identified only by a code) said the goal was to вЂњbounceвЂќ the detainee off the wall. The report noted that Baluchi was вЂњnaked for the proceedings.вЂќ

There was no time limit for the вЂњwallingвЂќ sessions but вЂњtypically a session did not last for more than two hours at a time.вЂќ They went on for so long because Baluchi was being used as a teaching prop.

One former trainee told investigators вЂњall the interrogation students lined up to вЂwallвЂ™ Ammar so that [the instructor] could certify them on their ability to use the technique.вЂќ
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The report said that: вЂњIn the case of вЂwallingвЂ™ in particular the [Office of the Inspector General] had difficulty determining whether the session was designed to elicit information from Ammar or to ensure that all interrogator trainees received their certification.вЂќ

The fact that interrogators lined up to вЂњwallвЂќ Ammar suggested that вЂњcertification was key,вЂќ the report concluded.
Abu Zubaydah made several drawings, including this one, to depict the torture he experienced at secret CIA black sites.
вЂI didnвЂ™t know who I was any moreвЂ™: how CIA torture pushed me to the edge of death
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A neuropsychologist carried out an MRI of BaluchiвЂ™s head in late 2018 and found вЂњabnormalities indicating moderate to severe brain damageвЂќ in parts of his brain, affecting memory formation and retrieval as well as behavioral regulation. The specialist found that the вЂњabnormalities observed were consistent with traumatic brain injury.вЂќ

The inspector generalвЂ™s report also concluded that BaluchiвЂ™s treatment did not yield any useful intelligence. It noted that the interrogators at Cobalt вЂњfocused more on whether Ammar was вЂcompliantвЂ™ than on the quality of the information he was providing.вЂќ It called the CIAвЂ™s logic in justifying the detention вЂњfuzzy and circular.вЂќ
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вЂњAmmar fabricated the information he provided when undergoing EITs,вЂќ it said. вЂњHe later admitted to his interrogators/debriefers that he was terrified and lied to get agency officers to stop the measures вЂ¦ Ammar also explained that he was afraid to tell a lie and was afraid to tell the truth because he did not know how either would be received.вЂќ

The interrogators were convinced that Baluchi knew more than he was saying because he was a nephew of the self-proclaimed mastermind of the 9/11 attacks, Khaled Sheikh Mohammed. Baluchi spent more than three years in CIA custody, moved between a total of six вЂњblack sitesвЂќ before being transferred in 2006 to Guantánamo Bay, where he is still awaiting trial.

Alka Pradhan, one of his lawyers said: вЂњIf the CIA had not hidden their own conclusions about the illegality of AmmarвЂ™s torture for this long, the US government would not have been able to bring charges against Ammar because we now know that the torture inflicted on Ammar led to lasting brain damage in the form of a traumatic brain injury and other debilitating illnesses that cannot be treated at Guantánamo Bay.вЂќ
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A la guerre comme a la guerre ГЁГ«ГЁ ГўГІГ®Г°Г Гї Г°ГҐГ¤Г ГЄГ¶ГЁГї Г‡Г ГЎГіГЈГ®Г°ГГ®ГўГ